Tobar na Gaedhilge is a searchable textbase of
high-quality 20th-century Gaelic texts (mostly Irish, with some Scottish), best
described as "continuity Gaelic" in its several naturally-occurring varieties.
The textbase contains over 5.9 million tokens of Gaelic text, and is freely downloadable for
installation on a personal computer under MS Windows. After the software is
installed, a form may be requested, and examples of its use may be viewed.
The purpose of Tobar na Gaedhilge is to allow the texts to be used
as a lexical and grammatical resource. To protect the rights of the authors and
publishers, the texts are not made available in continuously readable form.
A summary of some of the user-friendly features of the system:
• texts are grouped into collections, each for a particular naturally-occurring variety of Gaelic
• a complete pick-list of the forms in the chosen collection is presented on-screen
• forms are listed with initial mutations removed, eg. fear, fhear, bhfear are all grouped under fear;
while athair, h-athair, n-athair, t-athair are all grouped under athair
• forms are listed with enclitics separated, eg. d'ith is listed under d' and ith;
agamsa is listed under agam and sa
• apostrophes are distinguished from quotation marks and are retained in forms, eg. 'ach is not conflated with ach
• forms split at end-of-line in the original text are rejoined in the list, where appropriate
• collocations of forms may be found, either in immediate sequence, or within a sentence-like unit
• an analytic approach is taken to compound forms, eg. sean-amhrán is treated as a sequence of sean, -, and amhrán
• accents may optionally be discounted for searching, eg. comhartha may be made to retrieve both comhartha and cómhartha
• an asterisk may be used as a wild-card to match all or part of a form, eg. beir* or *stin
These features were designed into the program from the beginning, and the texts were prepared with the markup necessary to support them.
Tobar na Gaedhilge is completely free of adware, spyware or other harmful inclusions.
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In addition, the textbase contains translations of some of the Gaelic texts
into or from English, French, German and Russian. These will be collectively referred to
as other languages. Retrieved segments of Gaelic text may be displayed in
other languages, if the translations are stored; and further, the forms occurring in the stored
texts in other languages may be used to search the textbase. We will return to the subject
of other languages later.
We begin by showing the results of some typical searches, and how to explore
those results. We will later show how to request a search.
We may show sentences containing a selected Gaelic form, taking
one example each from the Munster, Connacht and Scottish texts.
Thereafter, we will draw our examples from the Ulster texts, which form by far
the largest part of the material stored. (Contributions of Munster,
Connacht or Scottish texts are most welcome.)
Figure 1: We looked in the Munster texts for examples of the form cábóg (a country person). We found two examples in Pádraig
Ua Maoileoin, Na hAird Ó Thuaidh, and we show the second
example here. Page and line reference is given to the published book.

The navigation panel (at upper right) allows us to move around the retrieved
examples. The display panel (at lower right) allows the form in which the sentence is
displayed to be controlled. These are described following Figure 6 below.
In passing, a small thing to notice in this example is the hyphen in "shráid-eanna".
This shows that the token was hyphenated (at the end of a line) in the
original book. But the hyphen is disregarded when indexing the sentence, as
use of the Innéacsáilte display will confirm.
Figure 2: We looked in the Connacht texts for examples of the sequence of
forms lúb gaoil (blood relationship), and we found
two examples, both in Séamus Mag Uidhir, Fánaidheacht i
gConndae Mhuigheo. We show the first sentence here.

Figure 3: We looked in the Scottish texts for examples of forms
beginning with càr. With a request like this for
forms matching a general pattern, clearly more than one form may
match — we refer to this situation as matching a disjunction of forms. The sentences for each matching
form are presented (over all the relevant books) before presenting the
sentences for the next matching form. Here, we show a sentence containing
the matching form càraich (fix).

Besides viewing complete sentences as above (View: Abairteacha (il-teangthach)), three other ways of viewing
results are provided, which are more compact for large quantities of text.
(The view can be chosen at the same time as the search forms are chosen.)
Output from these views is shown in the next two figures.
Figure 4: Firstly, the frequency (Minicidheacht) view of the form saoghal (life)
in the texts of the current collection.

Scrolling may be necessary to reveal the information for all the texts. If
the request matched a disjunction of forms, a navigation option AthFhocal (next form) will proceed to the next
matching form. A navigation option Réidh (finished)
leaves the results and returns to the search screen.
Figure 5: Secondly, the keyword-in-context view (KWIC) of the form athair (father) in Séamus 'ac Grianna, Thiar i dTír Chonaill. The first batch of occurrences is shown.

In the KWIC view, the navigation panel at the upper right allows us to move
down a screenful (Síos), up a screenful (Suas),
to start of text (Suas go bárr), to end of text (Síos go bun).
These options allow us to move around move only within the current text, and (for a disjunction of matching forms)
only for the current form.
To move to the next book of the collection, we use AthLeabhar.
If the request matched several forms in disjunction, AthFhocal
will take us to the first book for next matching form. The Réidh (finished) option
leaves the results and returns to the search screen. Some of the navigation options are
provided with keyboard shortcuts, which may prove convenient for frequent use.
(The AthThlámán option is equivalent to Síos.)
It is not currently possible to move to the previous book or to a previous matching form.
But we can get back to the start of the retrieved results by choosing Réidh
and returning to the results without altering the previous search request.
Figure 5a: Thirdly, the monolingual by sentence view (Abairteacha (aon-teangthach)) of the form athair (father) in Séamus 'ac Grianna, Thiar i dTír Chonaill. The first batch of occurrences is shown.

In the above Abairteacha (aon-teangthach) view, whole sentences are shown, rather than the single lines of the KWIC view.
The number at the head of the list is (as usual) the count of tokens, not of sentences.
The sentences are displayed in batches of around 40 sentences (the batch size may vary but we will use 40 for clarity in this description).
The first batch of sentences is shown here, and the navigation panel allows us to move down a batch (Síos)
or move to the start of text (Suas go bárr). In this view, navigation choices to move up a batch (Suas) or
to move to end of text (Síos go bun) are not yet presently supported.
As with other views, the options do not support moving back to a previous text, or (for a disjunction of matching forms) moving back to a previous form.
Returning now to the whole-sentence view which we saw in the first three figures, and which is the default view option, it is properly called the
multilingual by-sentence view. Unlike the monolingual view, the multilingual view shows only one sentence at a time,
but it offers additional options for the display of that sentence.
Figure 6: A multilingual by sentence view (Abairteacha (il-teangthach)) of the form oidhreógach (ice) in Seosamh 'ac Grianna, Pádraic Ó Conaire agus Aistí Eile. The first (and, as it happens, only) such sentence in this text is displayed.

Here, the navigation panel allows us to move to the next retrieved sentence
(Síos), to the previous retrieved sentence (Suas),
to the first retrieved sentence of the text (Suas go bárr), or to the last
retrieved sentence of the text (Síos go bun).
These options allow us to move around move only within the current text, and (for a disjunction of matching forms)
only for the current form.
In either of the by sentence views, we use AthLeabhar to move to the next book of the collection.
If the request matched several forms in disjunction, AthFhocal
will take us to the first book for next matching form. The Réidh (finished) option
leaves the results and returns to the search screen. Some of the navigation options are
provided with keyboard shortcuts, which may prove convenient for frequent use.
(The AthAbairt option is equivalent to Síos.)
It is not currently possible, in either of the by sentence views, to move to the previous book or to a previous matching form.
But we can get back to the start of the retrieved results by choosing Réidh
and returning to the results without altering the previous search request.
The extra facilities available in the multilingual by-sentence option are activated by the display panel
at the lower right. Firstly, it allows the text of the sentence in the main language (ie. the language of the index in use) to be shown
in a choice of ways: plain and uncorrected (Foillsighthe); plain but corrected (Lom);
including mark-up (Marcáilte); or as a list of the tokens by which it is
indexed (Innéacsáilte). The Innéacsáilte
option allows you to see which index terms will fetch this sentence. This will allow
you to see how the text has been tokenized and indexed.
(When using the Gaelic index with the Marcáilte option, an extra choice may be offered: AMH, POS (the default) or FGB.
This choice may be disregarded here, and is explained later.)
To explain what is meant by "correction": this is limited to obvious errors.
An isolated spelling variant which is at odds with consistent usage in the rest of the
same book may also be corrected; but beyond this, we make no attempt at normalization
of forms which are not clearly in error. Corrections to Gaelic text may also
include restoring the wording of the manuscript where known. And correction of a
text in a language other than Gaelic may be used to bring that text closer to the
edition used by the Gaelic translater. None of these correction processes
can be guaranteed to have been applied exhaustively. The corrections are applied
to the indexes; and to the displayed sentences under the Lom
option. The uncorrected book text will always be displayed under the
Foillsighthe option.
As an example, the misprint cómhhartha occurs
in Ben-Hur on page 337, and should clearly be corrected and indexed as cómhartha.
So if we search for cómhartha, we will find the relevant sentence, and if
we view it under the default Lom option, we will see the token as
cómhartha. But if viewed under the Foillsighthe option, we will
see it, uncorrected, as cómhhartha. Under the Marcáilte option,
we will see the complete markup as cómh[h]artha. And under the
Innéacsáilte option, we will see it confirmed that the token is indexed as
cómhartha.
Secondly, in the multilingual by-sentence option, the display panel allows the translation of the sentence into
languages other than that of the index to be shown, if stored. To do this, tick the names of
the desired languages, visible in Figure 6 above, labelled
Béarla (English) and Fraincis
(French) and Gearmáinis (German) and
Rúisis (Russian).
If the name of the language is italicised, this means that a translation in that language is not
available for the sentence to be displayed. At present, translations or originals
are held only for texts in the Ulaidh
collection, and only for a proportion of this: English, 2.39M tokens; French, 0.90M tokens; German, 0.92M tokens;
Russian, 0.14M tokens (these are the token counts in the Gaelic versions of the shared texts).
Figure 7: Sentences containing the form creafadaigh (shaking); the first of two examples found in Seosamh
'ac Grianna, Seideán Bruithne/Amy Foster. English and
French translations are available and are shown.

When a sentence is shown in several languages, the choice of display between
plain and corrected (Lom); including mark-up (Marcáilte); as a list of the
tokens by which it is indexed (Innéacsáilte);
or plain and uncorrected exactly as printed (Foillsighte) applies only
to the language of the index used. In other languages the sentence is shown plain and corrected.
The page and line number is shown for the displayed sentence.
The page and line number are taken from the edition used, and they can be displayed only if the
computer-readable version of the text is paginated — see the list of texts below for this information.
All the Gaelic texts are paginated, but some in other languages, texts which have been obtained from various
sources may not be paginated.
Several other options on the navigation panel are common to
the KWIC view and both the by-sentence views.
Cóipeáil (copy) copies the current display to a
textfile, which by default, is called samplaí.txt and is
placed in the My Documents folder, and the copied
material is appended to it. Comhad
Cóipeála (copy file) allows the name and location of the file to be
changed, and also the mode from append to overwrite (but it will revert to
appending after the first copy). The darker elongated panel shown in Figure 6 is the
result of clicking Comhad Cóipeála.
Copying by cut-and-paste is also supported.
Retrieval of a collocation may require the creation of workfiles. These will be
placed in the temporary workspace folder, if possible. In the unlikely event
that this is not possible, you will be prompted for the name of a folder to
hold workfiles; you could, for example, place them on a memory stick.
Gaelic is found in several slightly different forms, and the texts are
organized into collections to reflect this and to keep
each collection fairly homogeneous in language. The five collections supplied
are (as of 2025/01/15):
- Ulaidh (Ulster) Index:
Gaedhilg. 17 authors; 75 books; 57,117
forms; 5,170,316 tokens
- Connachta
Index: Gaedhilge. 8 authors; 10 books; 22,982
forms; 406,316 tokens
- Mumhain (Munster) Index: Gaolainn. 6 authors; 6 books; 13,375
forms; 226,404 tokens
- Alba (Scotland) Index:
Gàidhlig. 4 authors; 5
books; 8,021 forms; 115,996 tokens
- Oirthear (Eastern) Index: Gaodhlag. 2 regions; 3 books;
8,700 forms; 104,842 tokens
At the present stage of development, the Ulaidh
collection is much larger than any of the others.
The identities of the texts in all collections are listed in full below.
Searching may be restricted to any chosen subset of the texts of a
collection, by deselecting temporarily individual texts or authors.
Each collection has a pre-compiled index
associated with it, made from the forms found in the relevant books, and
in which requests for forms are looked up. The statistics just given for the
collections refer to these indexes — indexes of forms found in the Gaelic texts.
This does not mean that the forms in the index are exclusively Gaelic forms;
rather they will reflect whatever the Gaelic texts contain, including
borrowings, phrases and quotations in other languages.
Much more detail will be given later about what forms may be found in the indexes.
Figure 8: This is the program's opening screen, and
the first task is to choose the desired collection and index.

The program should show a list of the available collections, as in blue
above — together with some statistics of the selected collection (at the bottom)
and a pick list of its index (on the right). If there are no collections
listed, you may be in the wrong folder, and you can browse (using Cuirtear Lorg) to a different folder. The indexes available
to the selected collection are shown in brown. When you have marked the
desired collection and chosen your index to it, click on Isteach to enter the collection/index.
Amach is to exit the program.
Treoir is for help. Only a very early version of the help is available.
In this section, we confine attention to the Gaelic-language indexes,
and to the foirmeacha (forms) index. Foreign-language indexes will be
described later, and lemmata (lemma) indexes later still.
When a collection has been selected, and Isteach
clicked, the display changes to that shown in the next figure, which allows you
to type forms and to choose a view, among other things.
Figure 9: Requesting Gaelic forms.

Before entering our own forms, however, first notice that this screen
allows you to go back and change to a different collection and index, by using the
Athruigh button on the Cnuasacht panel.
And also, that you may see which authors
and books are included in the current collection and index by using the Athruigh button on the Leabharthaí
panel, and you may choose to deselect temporarily any subset of those books.
While a book is deselected, no material from it will be displayed. (Note
that deselecting a book is not reflected in the pick-list of forms, which remains
that for the whole collection. Likewise, frequencies are not recalculated.)
From the Radharc (views) panel, you may choose your view
of the results: frequencies (Minicidheacht); a
keyword-in-context concordance (KWIC); batched sentences (Abairteacha (aon-teangthach));
or single sentences with extra display options (Abairteacha (il-teangthach)). Samples of each view have already
been shown above.
And now we come to the Focal panel, where the
desired form or forms may be typed into the box provided, or may be
inserted there by double-clicking them on the pick list, which is a displayed
segment of the collection's index. The pick list accommodates itself to the
existing contents of the box, as a guide to what words are available.
If typing into the box, any accented character should be pre-composed,
not a combination — e.g. type á as normal, NOT a followed by a
combining acute accent.
As an alternative to typing it into the box, a search form may also be
chosen by double-clicking it on the pick list, or it may be pasted from the
Windows clipboard (Ctrl/V). The new form will be appended to
anything already in the box (and which is not selected); if the existing
material in the box is already selected — which is the default — the new
search form will replace it. TIP: when working between the box
and the picklist, you can cycle the focus around these and the other screen
items by repeatedly pressing the TAB key. While an item has focus, any content
which is selected will be visibly highlighted.
In the box you may put:
• a form, such as oidhreógach or saoghal or athair, as used in our
previous examples
• two or more forms occurring together (eg. lúb gaoil)
• any form may contain a wild-card (*), that is,
an asterisk which matches any number of letters, including none. For example,
all forms with a particular stem may be sought (eg. beir*), or all forms with a particular termination (eg.
*stin).
If the box contains more than one form (ie. there is a space
within it), you are asked to choose between seeking the forms directly
adjacent and in the given order; or within the same sentence in any order.
(Note however that the KWIC display mode is unsuitable when asking for non-adjacent forms;
in this case, the monolingual by sentence mode is substituted.)
It is even possible to give one or more of the forms as simply the asterisk
(*), which matches any form; the search is then assumed
to be a consecutive one. (But avoid giving * as the final
form, as the search will be unnecessarily slow.) As we will see below (under demutation) a
hyphen is, in most circumstances, counted as a separate form, so search for sean-bhean as three forms: sean - bean
(as well as sean bean and seanbhean
to cover any unhyphenated instances).
You may tick the Gan beinn ar an tsíneadh fhada
checkbox if you want to include forms which differ from that requested
only by the presence or absence of an accent, eg. comhradh with this checkbox ticked will match comhrádh, cómhradh and cómhrádh as well. Actually, ticking this
box also includes forms which differ from that requested:
• by the presence of ANY accent;
• by a difference of CASE, though this affects only lemma indexes and the German form index,
as case differences are already neutralized in other form indexes;
• by the intrusion of certain non-alphanumeric characters, such as £, %, period (indicating abbreviation),
apostrophe (indicating elision), hyphen (indicating anonymisation), etc. For example, 2
will retrieve also £2 or 2% or 2° or
2½; but note that many Gaelic forms containing apostrophes or hyphens are already
treated as compounds and indexed as two or more separate parts, as explained under decompounding below.
To type accented vowels, use your normal method of doing this under Windows.
For information about keying accented letters under Windows, look
here, or
see the section "Keyboards layouts" near the end of this file. (But you will
not require the support for dotted consonants offered by these keyboards, as
lenition is always indicated by suffixing the letter h in
Tobar na Gaedhilge.) Your method of typing accented
characters should result in precomposed characters, as most methods do,
rather than in separate combining accents.
When all this is complete, you may click the OK
button to produce the results.
Further hints on the choice of forms for searching will come in the next section
of this document.
Here are some pointers regarding what kinds of forms are worth
requesting.
When a form is requested, it is matched against a pre-compiled index of
forms from the chosen collection. A scrolling alphabetic listing of the current
index is shown, and will indicate what forms are available. For Gaelic, this index consists of forms which are aggregated in a number of ways to
increase coverage:
• lowercased: the forms in a Gaelic index have been
converted to lowercase by replacing any capital letters by small letters; this
even applies to proper names. Any capital letters you include in your request
will also be so converted.
• decliticised: common enclitics, such as d' in d'ól, or 's in 'seadh, or -sa in agam-sa, are treated as separate
forms in the index (d' + ól; 's + eadh; agam +
- + sa), and should also be
detached in your request. Enclitics are normally signalled in running text by a
hyphen or an apostrophe. But when there is no overt signal in similar cases
(eg. agamsa, seadh), the splitting
in the index will have been performed manually and is unlikely to have been
exhaustive.
A number of common contracted forms have been indexed under their parts,
e.g. 'na (from ina) under ' and a; 'na
(from chun an) under 'n and a'; 'na (from chun
na) under ' and na; ab (from a ba) under a and b, or under a and b'; gurab
under gur and a and b; and many other similar cases. This aspect is to be
made more rigorous.
• decompounded: very few forms containing a hyphen
have been admitted to the indexes — a list of these can be obtained by searching
for *-*. Rather, most hyphenated forms have been treated
atomistically in the indexes, and are found by seeking their parts, including
the hyphen, eg. leith-phighinn by seeking the three items
leith and - and pighinn,
with checking of the "consecutive" option ("Díreach i ndiaidh a chéile").
• demutated: initial mutations are removed from
forms in the index; so, for example, fear, fhear and bhfear are all indexed as fear, while t-olc, n-olc and holc are all indexed as olc — but, where the mutation is permanent, it is retained,
e.g. chugam, thart (in one of its
senses), (go) dtí. You may have noticed the benefits of
demutation and decliticisation in our athair example
above. An initial mutation does not leave any trace in the index; and this is
also true of any hyphen which is only part of an initial mutation. When
typing Gaelic forms to be searched for, remember to remove initial
mutations, unless they are a permanent part of the form. Removal of initial
mutations may seem counter-intuitive when requesting a sequence of forms (eg.
ár athair), but it is nonetheless required.
The forms in the Gaelic forms index are not
lemmatized, ie. terminally inflected forms, such as fear, fir, feara,
must be searched for separately — although the wild card may often be used to
advantage to retrieve the several related forms in disjunction.
Finally, note that the index is based on the forms of
the text after they have been subjected to a limited and controlled degree of correction,
as explained just beneath Figure 6 above.
As well as searching the textbase for Gaelic words, indexes have been created
in four additional languages, based on the forms found in translations or originals
in these languages of some of the Gaelic texts. As stated earlier, these translations/originals
are at present confined to the Ulaidh collection, and cover only
a proportion of it: Béarla (English), 2.37M tokens;
Fraincis (French), 0.87M tokens; Gearmáinis
(German), 0.85M tokens. There is also a tiny amount of Russian, 0.09M tokens.
Generally, such texts have been independently translated into Gaelic and into the other
non-original languages; the original language in most such cases has been English, but
there are examples of French (La Terre qui Meurt; Pêcheur d'Islande) and of Russian
(Записки охотника). Translation of a Gaelic original is found only into Russian
(extracts from Ó Neamh go h-Árainn and from Fallaing Shíoda).
Note that the Gaelic version of the text is considered pivotal. Consequently, substantial amounts
of material omitted from a translation into Gaelic will not be included in other language versions of
that text either. For example, the Gaelic translation of Turgenev's Записки охотника
contains only about half the stories in the original, and only these stories will be included
in other languages. Also, in the other language collections, texts are grouped according to
the author or translater of the Gaelic version.
Figure 10: Search of the English index of the Ulaidh collection for the form bunch. An example is shown from Ben-Hur, and the English and Gaelic and French and German of the
sentence is displayed.

Figure 11: Search of the French index of the Ulaidh collection for the form accroché. An example is shown from Iascaire
Inse Tuile, and the French and Gaelic and English and German of the sentence is displayed.
Figure 12: Search of the German index of the Ulaidh collection for the form Knurren. An example is shown from Scairt an Dúthchais,
and the German and Gaelic and English and French and Russian of the sentence is displayed.
Figure 12a: Search of the Russian index of the Ulaidh collection for the form лошадь. An example is shown from Scéalta Sealgaire,
and the Russian and Gaelic and English of the sentence is displayed.
To search using another language, select the Ulaidh collection, and then the
appropriate language. You will then have a further choice between Foirmeacha (forms)
and Lemmata (lemmas), because a rough and ready lemmatization has been applied to the
English, French, German and Russian texts, resulting in two indexes for each of these languages. The statistics for these
indexes are, at 2025/01/15:
- Ulaidh (Ulster) Index:
Béarla (foirmeacha). 7 Gaelic writers; 23
books; 46,928 forms; 2,375,425 tokens
- Index:
Béarla (lemmata). 7 Gaelic writers; 23
books; 36,318 lemmas; 2,366,875 tokens
- Index:
Fraincis (foirmeacha). 3 Gaelic writers; 9
books; 34,709 forms; 869,635 tokens
- Index:
Fraincis (lemmata). 3 Gaelic writers; 9
books; 16,468 lemmas; 867,783 tokens
- Index:
Gearmáinis (foirmeacha). 4 Gaelic writers; 10
books; 52,982 forms; 847,353 tokens
- Index:
Gearmáinis (lemmata). 4 Gaelic writers; 10
books; 32,170 lemmas; 851,994 tokens
- Index:
Rúisis (foirmeacha). 3 Gaelic writers; 4
parts of books; 21,544 forms; 92,991 tokens
- Index:
Rúisis (lemmata). 3 Gaelic writers; 4
parts of books; 11,350 lemmas; 92,908 tokens
The form indexes for all languages except German are lowercased, even
for proper names, and when typing a request, any uppercase letters
are automatically converted to lowercase.
In the German form index, the initial letter of a noun (or a name) retains its case — actually,
the initial letter takes its case from the lemma assigned to it, which is usually
the same thing (lemmatization is discussed below); and when typing a request,
case remains as typed. Only forms matching the case of the request are retrieved,
unless the option Gan beinn ar an tsíneadh fhada is active,
when forms which differ only in case will also be found.
In form indexes, enclitics are separated (eg. English 's,
've, n't, French l', m',
German 's (gibt's), 'n (so'n)).
Hyphenated words are generally decomponded, eg. French garde-robe;
but this policy has not been consistently applied to English, where eg. decompounded water-tight
is found as well as unitary water-tight and watertight.
In the German index, decompounding of hyphenless words, eg. weiterfahren, has not been attempted.
With the Ulaidh collection, each language has a lemma (lemmata) index, as well as a forms (foirmeacha) index.
For languages other than Gaedhilg, these lemma indexes are complete, that is, every token is lemmatized, but the lemmatization
is rough-and-ready, and errors may be encountered. The Gaelic lemma index for the Ulaidh collection will be described separately.
Using the English lemmas index, a request for man will match the forms
man or men; while, using the French lemmas index,
a request for homme will match the forms homme or hommes;
or using the German lemmas index, a request for Mann will match forms Mann,
Mannes, Manne, Männer, Männern.
When discussing a lemmatized index, the form vs token distinction is still relevant,
but should be understood as referring to lemma(-form) vs (lemma-)token.
The token count for a lemma index will differ slightly from the token count for a form
index of the same texts.
Among the reasons for this, a form token may give rise to two lemma tokens, eg.
the English form "cannot" gives lemmas "can" and "not"; or the German form "im" gives
lemmas "in" and "die". Conversely, lemma indexes exclude "foreign" items, which
also makes them more "mono-lingual" than form indexes.
Figure 13: A KWIC view of the lemma listen in
Gadaidheacht le Láimh Láidir, according to our English lemma index.
The corresponding material, in Gaelic and any other languages in which it is available,
may be inspected, one example at a time, in the sentence view.

Figure 14: A KWIC view of the lemma abandonner (to abandon) in
Ben-Hur, according to our French lemma index.
The corresponding material, in Gaelic and any other languages in which it is available,
may be inspected, one example at a time, in the sentence view.

Figure 15: A KWIC view of the lemma Baum (tree) in
Scairt an Dúthchais, according to our German lemma index.
The corresponding material, in Gaelic and any other languages in which it is available,
may be inspected, one example at a time, in the sentence view.

Figure 15a: A KWIC view of the lemma тёмный (dark) in
Scéalta Sealgaire, according to our Russian lemma index.
The corresponding material, in Gaelic and any other languages in which it is available,
may be inspected, one example at a time, in the sentence view.

It is important to understand that our lemmatization of English
and French and German and Russian has been performed automatically, using the Tree Tagger.
This software is among the best of its kind, and lemmatization would have been impractical
without it, but, as with all statistical operations, a percentage of errors is inevitable,
and some remain despite much manual post-checking. The Russian lemma index has further
benefitted from the use of Sharoff's lemmatisation tool, and of Usachev's morphology file
and of the morfer.ru site, as described here.
In our lemma indexes, an initial capital has been retained in appropriate lemmas, mostly names
(as well as for nouns in the German lemma index); and when typing a request into a
lemma index, no changes are made to the case typed. Therefore it matters whether the letters
you type in your request to a lemma index are small letters or capitals.
Keep an eye on the scrolling alphabetic list for guidance on what lemmas are available
and when you should use a capital letter. If you wish to retrieve both upper- and lowercase
lemmas matching your request, use the option Gan beinn ar an tsíneadh fhada
When displaying a sentence found through a lemma index, the Innéacsáilte display option shows the sentence in the
first language as a list of the lemmas with which it is
indexed.
Many lemmas are ambiguous, e.g. in English: pack or
stamp or well or
lie or bound or
back; or in French: pas or
tendre or vague or
fin. Ideally, we would like to retrieve only
the desired sense of an ambiguous lemma, and, since version 1.5, we have tried to
separate the senses by part of speech, using four broad categories of N (noun),
V (verb), J (adjective) and Z (other). Thus for example a request for English lemma well will be asked to choose between N, V and Z; a request
for French lemma vague will be asked to choose between J
and N. This may help in many cases, but not in others; for the English lemma
lie, for example, a more useful division would be into
recline and untruth, rather then
into noun and verb. Further development
in this area may be expected in future versions.
In selecting and preparing texts for Tobar na Gaedhilge, the emphasis is on
authenticity, accuracy and added-value.
Authenticity: Texts chosen are written in the early to
middle 20th century, by native speakers of Gaelic (or occasionally, by
non-native speakers who modelled their speech on well-defined local Gaelic).
Our policy is to adhere as closely as possible to the language in which the
authors wrote them. In general, the earliest editions have been preferred,
and standardized or school editions avoided. The virtual absence from our
collections of texts published since around 1960 is due to the fact that such
texts have generally been written in "standard" Irish, in which spelling and grammar and
sometimes even vocabulary are de-provincialised to a greater or lesser extent, with the
loss of the information in pre-standard texts which helps us to appreciate the
naturally-evolved and systematic speech varieties of the continuous tradition.
Though retrieved contexts may optionally be displayed exactly as found in the book,
by default they are displayed in the same form as used in creating the indexes, viz.
after two kinds of corrections may have been applied: (1) undisputed errors may be corrected;
(2) deviations from the manuscript may be corrected, where the manuscript is available —
which is fortunately the case for some of the books published by Oifig an tSoláthair.
Use of manuscripts is a major exercise and is only in its initial stages; texts to which
it has been applied will be noted in the list below. Earlier serialized publication may be
treated in the same way as manuscripts. Beyond these cases, we do not seek to change the
text in any way, for example, we avoid regularization, even within a text, and
we retain any spelling which is arguably a valid representation of the spoken
word. While much of the information so retained will be random variation, other
some will contain important clues to the pronunciation. Particularly
important are indications of elision, where the spelling shows them. Also
important are words where the presence and absence of a vowel length mark are
equally common, showing that no distinction is signified by the length mark in
such cases. The borderline between significant and non-significant variation
may be identified later, but should not be imposed in advance.
Accuracy: Texts are either typed through the keyboard,
or scanned. The input may be performed specificially for Tobar na Gaedhilge, or
texts may be donated by individuals or projects, to all of whom we are
grateful, and who are acknowledged under "Original e-text" in the lists below.
The contribution of Foclóir Stairiúil na Nua-Ghaeilge at Acadamh Ríoga na
hÉireann, Dublin, is particularly significant. On incorporation into Tobar na
Gaedhilge, all texts are subject to continuous correction of transcription errors, as
these are uncovered.
Added-value: It has proved possible to augment the
texts, in their stored medium, in various ways which add to their value.
Indexing is based on a version of the text in which undisputed errors are
corrected. The Gaelic versions are aligned with the versions in other languages,
where these are available to us.
Lemmatization, in a rough-and-ready form, has been applied to the versions in
languages other than Gaelic, and lemmatization of the Gaelic texts is under way.
Sound files are being added where available.
New possibilities for analysis arise from these enhancements.
A full list of texts at the current version follows. The text identification scheme
used in this list is developed from that used by Foclóir Stairiúil na Nua-Ghaeilge,
but the higher numbers may diverge.
ULAIDH:
LU006: Na Rosa go Bráthach; Mághnus 'ac Comhghaill (1885–1965)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1939 (we used: An Cúigiú Cló, 1946)
Original e-text: Rita Nic Aodha Bhuí
Added: 2009
Manuscript: mn009, not consulted
LU010: Na Glúnta Rosannacha; Niall Ó Domhnaill (1908–1995)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1952
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1997
Manuscript: not available
LU013: Troid Bhaile an Droichid; Séamus 'ac an Bháird (1871–1951)
Publisher: Connradh na Gaedhilge, Dublin, 1907 (we used: Preas Dhún Dealgan, Dundalk, undated, 1920s)
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU016: Eoghan Ruadh Ó Néill; Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1931
Original e-text: Rita Nic Aodha Bhuí, for FNG
Added: 2004
Manuscript: not available
LU018: Dochartach Dhuibhlionna; Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: Cú Uladh, Dublin, undated (1925)
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU019: An Grádh agus an Ghruaim; Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: C S Ó Fallamhain, Dublin, 1929
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2003
Manuscript: not available
LU020: Pádraic Ó Conaire agus Aistí Eile; Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1936
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU021: Mo Bhealach Féin / Dá mBíodh Ruball ar an Éan; Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1940
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2018
Manuscript: mm028, not consulted
LU023: Indé agus Indiu; Seaghán 'ac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: C S Ó Fallamhain, Dublin, 1929
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 1999
Manuscript: not available
LU024: Fear Siubhail; Seaghán 'ac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: Preas Dhún Dealgan, Dundalk, 1924 (we used: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1931)
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 1997
Manuscript: not available
Tá píosaí Béarla in 1924, a bhfuil Gaedhilg ortha in 1931. Is beag má tá duifir sa chuid eile.
LU025: Sgéalta Goiride Geimhridh; Seaghán 'ac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: Clódhanna Teo, 1918 (we mainly used: Preas Dhún Dealgan, Dundalk, 1922)
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2002
Manuscript: not available
The stories had earlier been previously published in the "Weekly Freeman" and the "Claidheamh Soluis".
Despite what is said in the foreword, the 1922 edition is considerably changed from the 1918 one, and is much better overall.
We base our text on the 1922 edition modified by consultation of the 1918 edition, rather than vice versa.
LU026: Ó Chamhaoir go Clap-Sholas; Seaghán 'ac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1940
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: mo001, not consulted
LU027: Mám as mo Mhála; Seaghán 'ac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1940
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2002
Manuscript: mm009, not consulted
LU028: Mám Eile as an Mhála Chéadna; Seaghán 'ac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1954
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU029: Crathadh an Phocáin; Seaghán 'ac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1955
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU032: Saoghal Corrach; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: An Press Náisiúnta, Dublin, undated (1945)
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU033: Mo Dhá Róisín; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Preas Dhún Dealgan, Dundalk, undated (1921)
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU034: Nuair a Bhí Mé Óg; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Clólucht an Talbóidigh, Dublin, 1942
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
Audio:
Pádraig Ó Baoighill (1934–2024), from Rann na Feairste. Recording by
Raidió na Gaeltachta, based on the 1979 partially-standardized edition, added 2025
LU035: Cioth is Dealán; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Preas Dhún Dealgan, Dundalk, undated (1926)
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU036: Caisleáin Óir; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Preas Dhún Dealgan, Dundalk, 1924
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU037: Thiar i dTír Chonaill; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Faoi Chomhartha na dTrí gCoinneal, Dublin, 1940
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU038: Bean Ruadh de Dhálach; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1966
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2002
Manuscript: not available
LU039: Micheál Ruadh; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Preas Dhún Dealgan, Dundalk, undated (1925)
Original e-text: Ailbhe Ó Corráin, then of Queen's University Belfast
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU040: Rann na Feirste; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: An Press Náisiúnta, undated (1942)
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 1998
Manuscript: not available
LU041: An Clár is an Fhoireann; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1955
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 1998
Manuscript: not available
LU043: Feara Fáil; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Cló-lucht “An Scrúduightheoir,” Dundalk, 1933
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2025
Manuscript: not available
LU044: Le Clap-Sholus; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1967
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU045: Oidhche Shamhraidh; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1968
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2012
Manuscript: not available
LU047: Scéal Úr agus Sean-Scéal; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1945 (we used: Oifig an tSoláthair,
Dublin, 1950)
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU050: An Teach nár Tógadh; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1948
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU054: Cloich Cheann-Fhaolaidh; Séamus Ó Searcaigh (1886–1965)
Publisher: M.H. Gill & Son Ltd, Dublin, 1908
Original e-text: Rita Nic Aodha Bhuí, for FNG
Added: 2004
Manuscript: not available
LU056: Thiar i nGleann Ceo; Tadhg Ó Rabhartaigh (1909–1982)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1953
Original e-text: Seosamh Ó Labhraí, Coláiste Ollscoile Naomh Muire, Béal Feirste
Added: 2002
Manuscript: not available
LU057: Mian na Marbh; Tadhg Ó Rabhartaigh (1909–1982)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1937
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: mm019, not consulted
LU065: Rácáil agus Scuabadh; Seaghán 'ac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1955
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: not available
LU071: Fallaing Shíoda; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1956
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2016
Manuscript: not available
LU072: Cáitheamh na dTonn; Pádraig Ó Gallchobhair (1893–1961)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1934
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: mc011, not consulted
LU073: Na Lochlannaigh; Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1938
Original e-text: Lá, Belfast
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: mn007, not consulted
LU075: Ó Neamh go h-Árainn; Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1953 (previously, Irish Press)
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2015
Manuscript: not available
LU079: Sgéilíní na Finne; Aindrias Ó Baoighill (1888–1972)
Publisher: C S Ó Fallamhain, Dublin, undated (1928)
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 1999
Manuscript: not available
Audio:
Máire Ní Cheallaigh (1920-2016), from Na Cruacha Gorma. Recording thanks to Áine Ní Dhíoraí, added 2025
LU089: Filí Gan Iomrádh; Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: An t-Ultach, 1926
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2018
Manuscript: not available
LU092: Bruighean Feille; Niall Ó Domhnaill (1908-1995)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, 1934
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2017
Manuscript: mb025, not consulted
LU105: Buaidh na Tuigse; Séamus Ó Searcaigh (1886–1965)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1940
Original e-text: Brian Mac Lochlainn
Added: 2010
Manuscript: mb028, consulted(?)
LU106: Crann an Eolais, An Bhachlóg; Seaghán Mac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: Brún agus Ó Nualláin Teór., Dublin, c1939
Original e-text: Pádraig Ó Mianáin
Added: 2014
Manuscript: not available
LU107: Crann an Eolais, An Duilleog; Seaghán Mac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: Brún agus Ó Nualláin Teór., Dublin, c1939
Original e-text: Pádraig Ó Mianáin
Added: 2014
Manuscript: not available
LU108: Crann an Eolais, An Chraobh; Seaghán Mac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: Brún agus Ó Nualláin Teór., Dublin, c1939
Original e-text: Pádraig Ó Mianáin
Added: 2014
Manuscript: not available
LU109: Crann an Eolais, An Bláth; Seaghán Mac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: Brún agus Ó Nualláin Teór., Dublin, c1939
Original e-text: Pádraig Ó Mianáin
Added: 2014
Manuscript: not available
LU110: Crann an Eolais, An Toradh; Seaghán Mac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: Brún agus Ó Nualláin Teór., Dublin, c1940
Original e-text: Pádraig Ó Mianáin
Added: 2015
Manuscript: not available
LU111: Árd-Léightheoir Gaedhilge, Cuid 1; Seaghán Mac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: Brún agus Ó Nualláin Teór., Dublin, 1937
Original e-text: Pádraig Ó Mianáin
Added: 2012
Manuscript: not available
LU112: Árd-Léightheoir Gaedhilge, Cuid 2; Seaghán Mac Meanman (1886–1962)
Publisher: Brún agus Ó Nualláin Teór., Dublin, 1939
Original e-text: Pádraig Ó Mianáin
Added: 2012
Manuscript: not available
U032: Dírbheathaisnéis, Niall 'ac Giolla Bhrighde (1861–1942), (ed. Liam Ó Connacháin)
Publisher: Brún agus Ó Nualláin Teór., Dublin, undated (1940)
Original e-text: Pádraig Ó Mianáin
Added: 2009
Manuscript: not available
U043: Scéalta Johnny Sheimisín, (ed.) Niall Ó Domhnaill (1908–1995)
Publisher: Comhaltas Uladh, Belfast & Dundalk, 1948
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2006
Manuscript: not available
U131: Scéal Hiúdaí Sheáinín; Eoghan Ó Domhnaill (1908–1966)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, 1940
Original e-text: Rita Nic Aodha Bhuí
Added: 2009
Manuscript: not available
A221: Scéalta Sealgaire; trans. Máighréad Nic Mhaicín (1899–1983)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, 1954
Original e-text: Rita Nic Aodha Bhuí
Added: 2009
Manuscript: ms022, lightly consulted
AU002: Gadaidheacht le Láimh Láidir; trans. Domhnall 'ac Grianna (1894–1962)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1936
Original e-text: Brian Mac Lochlainn
Added: 2004
Manuscript: mg001, not consulted
AU010: Teach an Chrochadóra; trans. Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1935
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2023
Manuscript: mt009, not consulted
AU011: 'Teacht fríd an tSeagal; trans. Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, gan dáta (1934)
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2009
Manuscript: mt015, heavily consulted
AU012: Séideán Bruithne / Amy Foster; trans. Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1935
Original e-text: Nollaig Ó hUrmoltaigh, then of Queen's University, Belfast
Added: 1995 or 1996
Manuscript: ms044, not consulted
AU013: Muinntir an Oileáin; trans. Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1935
Original e-text: Rita Nic Aodha Bhuí
Added: 2004
Manuscript: mm032, not consulted
AU017: Éire agus Éireannaigh i Muirthéacht na Frainnce; trans. Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1933
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2018
Manuscript: me012 (Gaelic), me011 (Roman typescript), not consulted
AU018: Scairt an Dúthchais; trans. Niall Ó Domhnaill (1908–1995)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1932
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 1997
Manuscript: not available
AU019: Ise; trans. Niall Ó Domhnaill (1908–1995)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1933
Original e-text: Rita Nic Aodha Bhuí
Added: 2012
Manuscript: ms053, not consulted
AU020: Ben-Hur; trans. Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1933
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín, using facilities at Irish Studies,
University of Ulster, Coleraine
Added: 1998
Manuscript: mb019, not consulted
AU021: Eachtraí Sherlock Holmes; trans. Proinnsias Ó Brógáin (1905–1997)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1936
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 1999
Manuscript: ms078, not consulted
AU022: Iascaire Inse Tuile; trans. Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, Dublin, 1952
Original e-text: Rita Nic Aodha Bhuí
Added: 2003
Manuscript: not available
AU023: Dith Céille Almayer; trans. Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1936
Original e-text: Rita Nic Aodha Bhuí
Added: 2003
Manuscript: md026, not consulted
AU024: Faoi Chrann Smola; trans. Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, 1934
Original e-text: Brian Mac Lochlainn
Added: 2003
Manuscript: mf004, not consulted
AU025: Uaigheanna Chill Mhóirne; trans. Domhnall 'ac Grianna (1894–1962)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1933
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2006
Manuscript: mu002 (Gaelic), mu001 (Roman), not consulted
AU027: Néall Dearg; trans. Niall 'ac Suibhne (1895–1949)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, Dublin, 1935
Original e-text: Brian Mac Lochlainn
Added: 2006
Manuscript: mn014, not consulted
AU031: Ivanhoe; trans. Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, 1937
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2010
Manuscript: not available
AU032: An Máirnéalach Dubh; trans. Seosamh 'ac Grianna (1900–1990)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, 1933
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2014
Manuscript: ma060 (typescript), not consulted
AU033: Caiphtín Blood; trans. Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, 1937
Original e-text: Brian Mac Lochlainn
Added: 2014
Manuscript: not available
AU034: An Bealach Achtuighthe; trans. Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, 1937
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2015
Manuscript: ma015, not consulted
AU035: Flatha na h-Alban; trans. Domhnall 'ac Grianna (1894–1962)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, 1937
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2017
Manuscript: mf031, not consulted
AU037: Filéad na Bainríoghaine; trans. Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, 1940
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2018
Manuscript: mf016, not consulted
AU038: Lisín; trans. Séamus 'ac Grianna (1889–1969)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, 1939
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2019
Manuscript: ml015, not consulted
ULAIDH/BÉARLA:
Note: English translations of the following texts may be currently in print:
• LU034, Nuair a Bhí Mé Óg ("When I was Young: a Gaelic Childhood", A.J. Hughes, 1998, ISBN-13978-1899047574)
• LU021, Mo Bhealach Féin ("This Road of Mine", Mícheál Ó hAodha, 2020, ISBN-?)
AU002B: Robbery Under Arms; Rolf Boldrewood
Original e-text: Alan R. Light, via Project Gutenberg
Pagination: none
Added: 2004
AU010B: Hangman's House; Donn Byrne
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Sampson Low, no date (nlt 1936), pp v–x, 3–406
Added: 2023
AU011B: Comin' thro' the Rye; Helen Mathers
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: The Alma Taylor Edition, Herbert Jenkins Limited, 159th edition (pp 9–379)
Added: 2009
AU012B: Typhoon / Amy Foster; Joseph Conrad
Original e-text: Judith Boss, Omaha, Nebraska, via Project Gutenberg
Pagination: none (Typhoon); Falk, Doubleday, New York, 1919, pp 155–214 (Amy Foster)
Added: 1998 (Typhoon), 1997 (Amy Foster)
AU013B: Islanders; Peadar O'Donnell
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Jonathan Cape, no date, pp 5–224
Added: 2004
AU017B: Ireland and Irishmen in the French Revolution; Richard Hayes (1878–1958)
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Phoenix, Dublin, 1932 (pp iii–302)
Added: 2018
AU018B: The Call of the Wild; Jack London
Original e-text: Oxford Text Archive
Pagination: Library of America, 1982 (pp 5–86)
Added: 1997
AU019B: She; Henry Rider-Haggard
Original e-text: John Bickers, and Dagny, et al, via Project Gutenberg
Pagination: Longmans Green, 1887 (pp 1–317)
Added: 2012
AU020B: Ben-Hur; Lew Wallace
Original e-text: Virginia Tech, apparently via Project Gutenberg
Pagination: none
Added: 1998
AU021B: The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes; Arthur Conan-Doyle
Original e-text: Roger Squires
Pagination: none
Added: 1999
AU022B: Iceland Fisherman; Pierre Loti, English translation
Original e-text: I believe this version began as the Project Gutenberg text by
Dagny and John Bickers, which is based on the Cadiot translation, as published without attribution by Collier
or Appleton in 1902. However, the omissions in that translation have since been filled in "Tobar", and many
other changes of wording made, by some process which I cannot recall. If anyone recognizes the present "Tobar"
English text, please contact me.
Pagination: none
Added: 2003
AU023B: Almayer's Folly; Joseph Conrad
Original e-text: David Price, via Project Gutenberg
Pagination: none
Added: 2003
AU024B: Autumn Glory; René Bazin, English translation by Ellen Waugh
Original e-text: Hélène de Mink, "renebazin", and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net), via Project Gutenberg
Pagination: Jarrolds (no date, 1929?), pp 7–291
Added: 2012
AU025B: The Graves of Kilmorna; Canon Sheehan
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Longmans Green (1914), pp 3–373
Added: 2006
AU027B: Red Cloud; General Sir William F Butler
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: pp 1–220
Added: 2006
AU031B: Ivanhoe; Walter Scott
Original e-text: Anders Thulin, via Wiretap and Project Gutenberg
Pagination: none
Added: 2010
AU032B: The Nigger of the Narcissus; Joseph Conrad
Original e-text: Jeffrey Triggs, via Oxford Text Archive. This is based on the Penguin Classics edition of 1988.
Several alterations have been made to bring it into line with the 1921 text of Heinemann's "Works of Joseph Conrad",
which is closer to both the Gaelic and French translations.
Pagination: Penguin Classics, pp 1–128
Added: 2014
AU033B: Captain Blood; Rafael Sabatini
Original e-text: Project Gutenberg
Pagination: Grosset & Dunlap (1922), pp 3–356
Added: 2014
AU034B: The Right of Way; Gilbert Parker
Original e-text: David Widger, via Project Gutenberg
Pagination: Nelson (c1911), pp 9–378
Added: 2015
AU035B: The Scottish Chiefs; Jane Porter
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Richard Edward King (no date), pp 1–350
Added: 2017
AU037B: The Queen's Fillet; Canon Sheehan
Original e-text: archive.org
Pagination: Phoenix (no date, ?1911), pp 3–376
Added: 2018
AU038B: Lisheen; Canon Sheehan
Original e-text: archive.org
Pagination: Phoenix (no date, ?1907), pp 3–454
Added: 2019
A221B: A Sportsman's Sketches; Ivan Turgenev, English translation by Constance Garnett
Only those stories which have been translated into Irish Gaelic are included.
Original e-text: The University of Adelaide Library, https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/turgenev/ivan/t93s/
Pagination: Heinemann (1895) partial, pp 1.1–292 & 2.1–284
Added: 2016
ULAIDH/FRAINCIS:
AU012F: Typhon; Joseph Conrad, French translation by André Gide
Original e-text: ATILF, CNRS, Nancy (FranText)
(http://atilf.atilf.fr/artis/nvlbiblio.htm, http://www.frantext.fr/)
Amy Foster; Joseph Conrad, French translation by Georges Jean-Aubry
Original e-text: Wikilivres (http://www.wikilivres.info/wiki/Amy_Foster)
Pagination: Oeuvres complètes, pp 11–154 (Typhon); Falk, Gallimard, 1934, pp 155–204 (Amy Foster)
Added: 2004
AU018F: L'Appel sauvage; Jack London, French translation by Frédéric Klein
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Phébus (2003), pp 7–142
Added: 2012
AU019F: Elle; Henry Rider Haggard, French translation by Jacques Hillemacher
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Georges Crès (1920), pp 1–491
Added: 2015
AU020F: Ben-Hur; Lew Wallace, French translation by Philippe Mazoyer
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Presses Pocket (no date), pp 1–514
Added: 2009
AU022F: Pêcheur d'Islande; Pierre Loti
Original e-text: L'Institut National de la Langue Française
Pagination: INaLF, cf. Calmann-Lévy (1886), pp 3–319
Added: 2003
AU023F: La Folie Almayer; Joseph Conrad, French translation by Anne-Marie Soulac
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: La Pléiade (1982), pp 5–180
Added: 2014
AU024F: La Terre qui Meurt; René Bazin
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Calmann-Lévy (c1903), pp 1–336
Added: 2003
AU031F: Ivanhoé: Walter Scott, French translation by Alexandre Dumas père
Original e-text: Jean-Yves Dupuis, Bibliothèque électronique du Québec
Pagination: BeQ, pp 11–896
Added: 2012
AU032F: Le Nègre du "Narcisse": Joseph Conrad, French translation by Robert d'Humières revised by Maurice-Paul Gautier
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: La Pléiade (1982), pp 499–643
Added: 2014
ULAIDH/GEARMÁINIS:
AU012D: Taifun / Amy Foster; Joseph Conrad, German translation by Elise Eckert
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Engelhorn (1908), pp 3–168
Added: 2016
AU018D: Der Ruf der Wildnis; Jack London, German translation by Rainer von Savigny
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Artemis & Winkler (1991), pp 7–117
Added: 2014
AU020D: Ben Hur; Lew Wallace, German translation by Günter Jürgensmeier
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Deutcher Taschenbuch Verlag, 2010, pp 7–596
On the occasions when the Jürgensmeier translation omits material, or re-orders material significantly, the corresponding sentences may be taken from the German
translation of Karl Wilding (1906, marked on output by ¹...¹), or from that of Matthäus Winter (1906, marked by ²...²).
All page and line numbers relate to the Jürgensmeier translation.
Added: 2014
AU022D: Islandfischer; Pierre Loti, German translation by Carmen Sylva
Original e-text: Projekt GaGa (http://www.gaga.net/pgdp/default.php)
Pagination: Emil Strauss, Bonn (1898), pp 1–333
Added: 2012
AU023D: Almayers Wahn; Joseph Conrad, German translation by Günther Danehl
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag (1972), pp 9–159
Added: 2016
AU025D: Die Gräber von Kilmorna; Canon Sheehan, German translation by Oskar Jacob
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Benziger (no date), pp 7–382
Added: 2021
AU032D: Der Nigger vom Narzissus; Joseph Conrad, German translation by Ernst W Freißler
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: S Fischer Verlag (1951), pp 5–162
Added: 2019
AU033D: Captain Blood; Rafael Sabatini, German translation by Joachim Pente
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Unionsverlag (2014), pp 7–399
Added: 2016
AU037D: Das Haarband de Königin; Canon Sheehan, German translation by Oskar Jacob
Some sections of the text which do not translate the original are omitted.
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Benziger (1919), pp 9–482
Added: 2023
AU038D: Lisheen; Canon Sheehan, German translation by Oskar Jacob
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Pagination: Benziger (1914), pp 9–476
Added: 2021
ULAIDH/RÚISIS:
LU071R: Шёлковая шаль (4 scéal as "Fallaing Shíoda"), Russian translation by Анна Александровнa Коростелёвa
Original e-text: http://web.archive.org/web/20050225010305/http://irish.ru:80/index.php?referer=34&show=liter/moira03
http://web.archive.org/web/20050225010109/http://irish.ru:80/index.php?referer=34&show=liter/moira04
http://web.archive.org/web/20050224181211/http://irish.ru:80/index.php?referer=34&show=liter/fiddler01
http://web.archive.org/web/20050302011503/http://irish.ru:80/index.php?referer=34&show=liter/fiddler02
http://web.archive.org/web/20050225005851/http://irish.ru:80/index.php?referer=34&show=liter/moira05
with some amendments taken from http://www.philol.msu.ru/~school/sem_irish_t_mojra.zip
Pagination: none
Added: 2016
LU075R: Всадник на белой лошади (1 scéal as "Ó Neamh go h-Árainn"), Russian translation by Анна Александровнa Коростелёвa
Original e-text: http://web.archive.org/web/20050224181320/http://irish.ru:80/index.php?referer=34&show=liter/horseman01
Pagination: none
Added: 2015
A221R: Записки охотника: Иван Сергеевич Тургенев
Only those stories which have been translated into Irish Gaelic are included.
Original e-text: http://az.lib.ru/t/turgenew_i_s/text_0080.shtml
Pagination: imposed from Глазунов (1909), partial, pp 1–385 (http://dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01003763369#?page=1)
Added: 2016
AU018R: Зов предков; Jack London, Russian translation by Зинаида Вершинина
Original e-text: http://az.lib.ru/l/london_d/text_1903_the_call_of_the_wild.shtml
Pagination: none
Added: 2017
CONNACHTA:
LC001: Obair is Luadhainn; Colm Ó Gaora (1887–1954)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, 1937
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2016
Manuscript: ms004, not consulted
LC023: Feamainn Bhealtaine; Máirtín Ó Diréain (1910–1988)
Publisher: An Clóchomhar, 1961
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1997
Manuscript: not available
LC026: Eochaidh Mac Rí 'n-Éirinn; Micheál Ó Máille (1869–1911)
Publisher: Connradh na Gaedhilge, 1912
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2015
Manuscript: not available
LC027: An Mothall Sin Ort; Seán Ó Ruadháin (1883–1966)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, 1967
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1997
Manuscript: not available
(Almost) restored to the text of the original articles in "Irish Press" and "Comhar".
LC046: Pádhraic Mháire Bhán; Seán Ó Ruadháin (1883–1966)
Publisher: Oifig Díolta Foillseacháin Rialtais, 1935
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2015
Manuscript: mp002 (typescript), not consulted
LC093: Fánaidheacht i gConndae Mhuigheo; Séamus Mag Uidhir (1902–1969)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, 1944
Original e-text: Peter K Griffin
Added: 2006
Manuscript: not available
This book is an abridged collection of pieces previously published in "An tÉireannach".
LC095: Bairbre Ruadh; Pádraic Ó Conaire (1882–1928)
Publisher: Connradh na Gaedhilge, 1908
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2015
Manuscript: not available
C047: Amhráin Chlainne Gaedheal; Mícheál (1869–1911) & Tomás (1880–1938) Ó Máille
Publisher: Connradh na Gaedhilge, 1925
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2015
Manuscript: not available
C053: An Fibín; Colm Ó Gaora (1887–1954)
Publisher: Connradh na Gaedhilge, 1905
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2015
Manuscript: not available
C055: Amhráin Chuilm de Bhailís; ed. Pádraic Ó Domhnalláin (1884–1960), Eoin Mac Néill (1867–1945)
Publisher: Connradh na Gaedhilge, 1904
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2015
Manuscript: not available
MUMHAIN:
LM015: Cormac Ua Conaill; Pádraig Ó Duinnín (1860–1934)
Publisher: Connradh na Gaedhilge, 1901
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2015
Manuscript: not available
LM016: Mo Sgéal Féin; Peadar Ua Laoghaire (1839–1920)
Publisher: Brún agus Ó Nóláin Teo, 1915
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2017
Manuscript: not available
LM054: Timcheall Chinn Sléibhe; Seán Ó Dálaigh (1861–1940)
Publisher: Oifig an tSoláthair, 1933
Original e-text: Aindí Coyle
Added: 2006
Manuscript: not available
LM066: Na hAird Ó Thuaidh; Pádraig Ua Maoileoin (1913–2002)
Publisher: Sáirséal agus Dill, Dublin, 1960
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 1997
Manuscript: not available
LM102: Tadhg Gabha; Séamus Ua Dubhghaill (1855–1929)
Publisher: Connradh na Gaedhilge, 1904
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2015
Manuscript: not available
M170: Sgeulaidheacht Chúige Mumhan: Pádraig Ó Laoghaire (1870–1896)
Publisher: Pádraig Ua Briain, 1895
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2015
Manuscript: not available
ALBA:
COMPANAC: Companach na Cloinne; Iain Mac Phàidein (1850–1935)
Publisher: Eneas MacKay, Stirling, 1912
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 1997
Manuscript: not available
TRIDEALB: Tri Dealbhan Cluiche; Alasdair Caimbeul (c1944–)
Publisher: Cló Ostaig, An t-Eilean Sgìtheanach, 1990
Original e-text: Caoimhín Ó Donnghaile, Sabhal Mòr Ostaig
Added: 1997
Manuscript: not available
BODACH: Am Measg nam Bodach; various authors
Publisher: An Comunn Gàidhealach, Glaschu, 1938
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 1998
Manuscript: not available
SEANCH: Seanchaidh na Tràghad; Iain Mac Cormaic (1860–1947)
Publisher: Eneas MacKay, Stirling, 1911
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 1998
Manuscript: not available
AIRIGH: Seanchaidh na h-Àirigh; Iain Mac Cormaic (1860–1947)
Publisher: Eneas MacKay, Stirling, 1911
Original e-text: Ciarán Ó Duibhín
Added: 2014
Manuscript: not available
OIRTHEAR:
U018: Sgéalta Mhuintir Luinigh; eag. Éamonn Ó Tuathail (lgh 1–178)
Publisher: Irish Folklore Institute, 1933
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Dublin
Added: 2010
Manuscript: not available
U039: Sgéalaidhe Óirghiall; eag. Seosamh Laoide
Publisher: Connradh na Gaedhilge, Dublin, 1905
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Dublin
Added: 2015
Manuscript: not available
U136: Mion-chaint na Midhe; Pádraig Ua Dubhthaigh
Publisher: Connradh na Gaedhilge, Dublin, 1905
Original e-text: Foclóir na Nua-Ghaeilge, Dublin
Added: 2016
Manuscript: not available